Faustina II - Roman Empress & Wife of
Emperor Marcus Aurelius -
Faustina II 'Junior' - Bronze As 25mm (9.3 grams)
Rome mint: 145-146 A.D.
FAVSTINA AVG PII AVG FIL, draped bust right.
IVNO SC, Juno seated left holding patera & scepter,
peacock at foot left.
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Juno was an
ancient Roman goddess, the protector and special
counselor of the state. She is a daughter of
Saturn and sister (but also the wife) of the chief
god
Jupiter and the mother of
Mars,
Minerva and
Vulcan. Her Greek equivalent is
Hera.
As the
patron goddess of
Rome and the
Roman empire she was called Regina ("queen") and,
together with Jupiter and
Minerva, was worshipped as a triad on the Capitol
(Juno Capitolina) in Rome.
As the great Juno
Moneta (which the ancients interpreted as "the one
who warns"; this traditional etymology is badly formed,
but has not been replaced) she guarded over the finances
of the empire and had a temple on the
Arx (one of two Capitoline hills), which was the
Mint. She was also worshipped in many other cities,
where temples were built in her honor.
Every year, on the first of March, women held a
festival in honor of Juno called the
Matronalia. On this day, lambs and other cattle were
sacrificed in her honor. Another festival called the
Nonae Caprotinae ("The Nones of the Wild Fig") was
held on July 7. Juno is the patroness of marriage, and
many people believe that the most favorable time to
marry is June, the month named after the goddess.
Lucina was an epithet for Juno as "she who brings
children into light."
Juno's own warlike aspect among the Romans is
apparent in her attire. She often appeared armed and
wearing a goatskin cloak, which was the garment favoured
by Roman soldiers on campaign. This warlike aspect was
assimilated from the Greek goddess
Athena, whose goatskin was called the 'aegis'.
Annia
Galeria Faustina Minor (Minor Latin for
the younger), Faustina Minor or Faustina
the Younger (February
16 between 125 and 130-175) was a daughter of
Roman Emperor
Antoninus Pius and Roman Empress
Faustina the Elder. She was a Roman Empress and wife
to her maternal cousin Roman Emperor
Marcus Aurelius. Though Roman sources give a
generally negative view of her character, she was held
in high esteem by soldiers and her own husband and was
given divine honours after her death.
Biography
Faustina, named after her mother, was
her parents' fourth and youngest child and their second
daughter; she was also their only child to survive to
adulthood. She was born and raised in
Rome.
Her great uncle, the Emperor
Hadrian, had arranged with her father for Faustina
to marry
Lucius Verus. On February 25, 138, she and Verus
were betrothed.
Verus’ father was Hadrian’s first adopted son and
his intended heir. However when Verus’ father died,
Hadrian chose Faustina’s father to be his second adopted
son, and eventually, he became Hadrian’s successor.
Faustina’s father ended the engagement between his
daughter and Verus and arranged for Faustina's betrothal
to her maternal cousin,
Marcus Aurelius; Aurelius was also adopted by her
father. On May 13, 145, Faustina and Marcus Aurelius
were married. When her father died on March 7, 161, her
husband and Lucius Verus succeeded to her father’s
throne and became co-rulers. Faustina was given the
title of
Augusta and became Empress.
Unfortunately, not much has survived
from the Roman sources regarding Faustina's life, but
what is available does not give a good report.
Cassius Dio and the
Augustan History accuse Faustina of ordering
deaths by poison and execution; she has also been
accused of instigating the revolt of
Avidius Cassius against her husband. The Augustan
History mentions adultery with sailors, gladiators,
and men of rank. However, Faustina and Aurelius seem to
have been very close and mutually devoted. Her husband
trusted her and defended her vigorously against
detractors.
Faustina accompanied her husband on
various military campaigns and enjoyed the love and
reverence of Roman soldiers. Aurelius gave her the title
of Mater Castrorum or Mother of the Camp.
Between 170-174, she was in the north, and in 175, she
accompanied Aurelius to the east. However, these
experiences took their toll on Faustina, who died in the
winter of 175, after an accident, at the military camp
in Halala (a city in the
Taurus Mountains in
Cappadocia).
Aurelius grieved much for his wife
and buried her in the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome. She
was deified: her statue was placed in the Temple of
Venus in Rome and a temple was dedicated to her in her
honor. Halala’s name was changed to Faustinopolis
and Aurelius opened charity schools for orphan girls
called Puellae Faustinianae or 'Girls of
Faustina'.[1]
The Baths of Faustina in
Miletus are named after her.
In their thirty years of marriage,
Faustina bore Marcus Aurelius thirteen children:
-
Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina (147-after 165)
-
Gemellus Lucillae (died around
150), twin brother of Lucilla
-
Annia Aurelia Galeria
Lucilla (148/50-182), twin sister of Gemellus,
married her father's co-ruler
Lucius Verus
-
Titus Aelius Antoninus (born
after 150, died before 7 March 161)
-
Titus Aelius Aurelius (born after
150, died before 7 March 161)
-
Hadrianus (152-157)
-
Domitia Faustina (born after 150,
died before 7 March 161)
-
Fadilla (159-after 211)
-
Annia Cornificia Faustina Minor (160-after 211)
-
Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus
(161-165), twin brother of Commodus
-
Commodus (161-192), twin brother of Titus
Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus, later emperor
-
Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (162-169)
- Vibia Aurelia Sabina (170-died before 217)
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